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High school students

Learn about the support available to help you get ready for university.

Postgraduate coursework

Take your career to the next level, or in a new direction.

How to apply

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Non school leavers

Explore the different ways you can get in to Griffith.

Higher degrees by research

Discover the benefits of studying a research degree at Griffith.

Scholarships

Explore our wide range of scholarships, find out what you?re eligible for and apply.

Information about

  • Business and government
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  • Engineering and IT
  • Environment, planning and architecture
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International

Life in Australia

Explore the Australian lifestyle and environment, accommodation, and cost of study.

Life in Australia

Find out more - Life in Australia

Study at Griffith

We offer hundreds of study options across a wide range of areas.

Know your options

Discover your pathway options based on your current qualifications and English levels.

English language programs

Study English language courses to improve your English level to qualify for a Griffith degree, travel or work.

Apply now

Follow our simple process to apply to study at Griffith.

Scholarships and finance

Find out about financing study through your home country's loan program, sponsored student support and scholarships.

Student support

Learn about the wide range of support services available for international students.

Study abroad and exchange

Complete one or two trimesters of study in Australia and earn credit towards your home degree.

Information for

  • Griffith English Language Institute
  • International Business Development Unit
  • International Relations
  • Tourism Confucius Institute
  • Find an international agent
  • Contact us

Research

Research excellence

  • Asian politics, security and development
  • Climate change adaptation
  • Criminology and crime prevention
  • Drug discovery and infectious diseases
  • Education
  • Environmental sciences
  • Health and chronic diseases
  • Music, the arts and the Asia Pacific
  • Nursing
  • Physical sciences
  • Sustainable tourism
  • Water science

Griffith research

Explore the strengths of one of Australia?s leading universities.

Research with impact

Delve into our discoveries and see how our research is making a difference.

Centres and institutes

We have an extensive network of research centres and institutes.

Griffith Graduate Research School

Services, support and resources for candidates and supervisors.

Research services

Grants, development, ethics and integrity, policy and performance.

Griffith Enterprise

Commercialisation and technology transfer office of Griffith University.

PhDs and Research degrees

Collaborative research opportunities at Griffith open doors to greater innovation and discovery for higher degree researchers, who are ready to think globally and discover new world solutions.

PhDs and research degrees

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Industry

Industry partnerships

We foster mutually beneficial partnerships with industry, government and the community that power innovation and drive success.

Industry mega nav image

Find out more - Industry partnerships

Collaborate with us

Collaborating with us can open a world of options.

Research commercialisation

Access our research capabilities and see how our impact across industries.

Professional development

Access our educational resources to upskill in a wide range of areas.

Engage our talent

Engage our students, tap into our alumni network and see our success stories.

Success stories

Explore our partnerships and discover the ways we can make a difference.

Contact us

Develop a collaborative partnership with Griffith.

Information about

  • Access to commercial research
  • Griffith Enterprise
  • Griffith Experts
  • Professional training
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  • Creative short courses
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Advancement

Annual appeal

Please make a gift to the Students’ Future Fund to support students facing financial hardship. Thank you.

Annual Appeal

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Donate now

Every gift makes a difference. And it?s so easy.

Gifts in wills

The ultimate act of philanthropy, creating a lasting footprint for the future.

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Explore our five campuses between Brisbane and the Gold Coast.

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Home > Griffith Intranet > Schools and departments > Natural Semantic Metalanguage > What is NSM > Semantic primes

Semantic primes

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Semantic primes

The NSM model has changed a lot since it was first advanced in the early 1970s. In Anna Wierzbicka's 1972 book Semantic Primitives, only 14 semantic primitives were proposed and in her 1980 book Lingua Mentalis, the inventory was not much bigger. Over the 1980s and 1990s, however, the number of proposed primes was expanded greatly, and has now reached a total of 65. The same period also saw the development of some important new ideas about the syntax of the semantic metalanguage. The current proposed primes can be presented, using their English exponents, in the Table below. Perhaps not surprisingly, the inventory of primes looks like a natural language in miniature. As with any language, the "mini-language" of semantic primes has a grammar, as well as a lexicon. This is described in brief below.

Proposed semantic primes (2014), English exponents (grouped into related categories)

Substantives: I, YOU, SOMEONE, PEOPLE, SOMETHING~THING, BODY
Relational substantives: KIND, PART
Determiners: THIS, THE SAME, OTHER~ELSE
Quantifiers: ONE, TWO, SOME, ALL, MUCH~MANY, LITTLE~FEW
Evaluators: GOOD, BAD
Descriptors: BIG, SMALL
Mental predicates: THINK, KNOW, WANT, FEEL, SEE, HEAR
Speech: SAY, WORDS, TRUE
Actions, events, movement: DO, HAPPEN, MOVE
Location, existence, specification: BE (SOMEWHERE),THERE IS, BE (SOMEONE/SOMETHING)
Possession (IS) MINE
Life and death: LIVE, DIE
Time: WHEN~TIME, NOW, BEFORE, AFTER, A LONG TIME,
A SHORT TIME, FOR SOME TIME, MOMENT
Space: WHERE~PLACE, HERE, ABOVE, BELOW, FAR, NEAR, SIDE, INSIDE, TOUCH
Logical concepts: NOT, MAYBE, CAN, BECAUSE, IF
Intensifier, augmentor: VERY, MORE
Similarity: LIKE~AS~WAY

Download the NSM Primes Three Tables (DOC 82k)

Download a chart of NSM semantic primes (PDF 154k) Please note this must be printed on A3 paper, in landscape.

Five important points about identifying semantic primes:

  1. A mere list is not sufficient, in itself, to identify the intended meanings, if only because many of these English exponents are polysemous (i.e. have several meanings), but only one sense of each is proposed as primitive. While it is claimed that the simplest sense of the exponent words can be matched across languages (i.e. that they are "lexical universals"), it is recognised that their secondary, polysemic meanings may differ widely from language to language. A fuller characterisation indicates for each proposed prime a set of "canonical contexts" in which it can occur; that is, a set of sentences or sentence fragments exemplifying its allowable grammatical contexts.
  2. When we say that a semantic prime ought to be a lexical universal, the term "lexical" is being used in a broad sense. An exponent of a semantic prime may be a phraseme or a bound morpheme, just so long as it expresses the requisite meaning. For example, in English the prime A LONG TIME is expressed by a phraseme, though in many languages the same meaning is conveyed by a single word. In many Australian languages the prime BECAUSE is expressed by a suffix.
  3. Even when semantic primes take the form of single words, there is no need for them to be morphologically simple. For example, in English the words SOMEONE and INSIDE are morphologically complex, but their meanings are not composed from the meanings of the morphological "bits" in question. That is, the meaning SOMEONE does not equal "some + one"; the meaning INSIDE does not equal "in + side". In meaning terms, SOMEONE and INSIDE are indivisible.
  4. Exponents of semantic primes can have language-specific variant forms (allolexes or allomorphs, indicated by ~ in the table above). For example, in English the word 'else' is an alloex of OTHER; likewise, the word 'thing' functions as an allolex of SOMETHING when it is combined with a determiner or quantifier (i.e. this something = this thing, one something = one thing).
  5. Exponents of semantic primes may have different morphosyntactic characteristics, and hence belong to different "parts of speech", in different languages, without this necessarily disturbing their essential combinatorial properties.

All these factors mean that testing the cross-linguistic viability of the semantic primes is no straightforward matter. It requires rich and reliable data, and careful language-internal analysis of polysemy, allolexy, etc. Though cross-linguistic testing of this kind is still in progress, the prospectus seems promising. The existence and lexicalised status of semantic primes has been confirmed for more than 30 languages of widely different linguistic types and from widely different cultural settings. There are a couple of difficult and/or contested cases, but the great balance of evidence favours the hypothesis that semantic primes are both universal and have lexical exponents in all languages.

< Go back - What is NSM? | Continue to - Metalanguage Syntax >

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